We provide suggestions for future research on the DBS and psychopathology, including investigations of whether the DBS can be used to differentiate specific disorder outcomes the need for more sophisticated biological research and the value of longitudinal dynamical research. Limitations of available research include the relative lack of longitudinal studies using multiple measures of the DBS and the absence of relevant studies using diagnosed samples to study narcissistic personality disorder and bipolar disorder. Models of the DBS have received support from research with humans and animals from self-report, observational, and biological methods and using naturalistic and experimental paradigms. Anxiety and depression are related to subordination and submissiveness, as well as a desire to avoid subordination. Mania and narcissistic traits also appear related to inflated self-perceptions of power. Extensive research suggests that externalizing disorders, mania-proneness, and narcissistic traits are related to heightened dominance motivation and behaviors. We begin by describing psychological, social, and biological correlates of the dominance behavioral system (DBS).

A growing body of research suggests that problems with the DBS are evident across a broad range of psychopathologies. Acceptance of the commitments is at the discretion of the Commission.įinal public versions of Decisions are published in the Official Journal, along with a Decision summary the final report of the Hearing Officer and the opinion of the Advisory Committee.The dominance behavioral system (DBS) can be conceptualized as a biologically-based system which guides dominance motivation, dominant and subordinate behavior, and responsivity to perceptions of power and subordination. The commitment decision makes the commitments binding on the parties without establishing an infringement. The Commission may require the parties concerned to stop the infringement, impose remedies and/or impose a fine.Ī ' Commitment Decision' based on Article 9 of Regulation 1/2003 allows companies to offer commitments that are intended to address the competition concerns identified by the Commission. DecisionsĪ ' Prohibition Decision' based on Article 7 of Regulation 1/2003 formally finds an infringement against the concerned parties. Access to fileĪccess to the Commission's file takes place normally at the same time as the Statement of Objections is issued. The parties are entitled to see the Commission's investigative file and to an oral hearing conducted by an independent Hearing Officer. The Statement of Objections (SO) details the Commission's competition concerns. The Commission also takes other factors into account in its assessment of dominance, including the ease with which other companies can enter the market – whether there are any barriers to this the existence of countervailing buyer power the overall size and strength of the company and its resources and the extent to which it is present at several levels of the supply chain (vertical integration). If a company has a market share of less than 40%, it is unlikely to be dominant. The Commission's view is that the higher the market share, and the longer the period of time over which it is held, the more likely it is to be a preliminary indication of dominance. Market shares are a useful first indication of the importance of each firm on the market in comparison to the others. Geographic market: the relevant geographic market is an area in which the conditions of competition for a given product are homogenous.Product market: the relevant product market is made of all products/services which the consumer considers to be a substitute for each other due to their characteristics, their prices and their intended use.The Commission's first step in an Article 102 investigation is to assess whether the undertaking concerned is dominant on any given market or not.īefore assessing dominance, the Commission defines the product market and the geographic market.

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